uracil attached to the ribose sugar. Uridine-5-triphosphate (UTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of the organic base uracil linked to the 1 carbon of the ribose sugar, and esterified with tri-phosphoric acid at the 5 position. Uridine Monophosphate Powder. AGNATI L, FUXE K, RUGGERI M, et al. Wurtman RJ. UMP vs TAU. [ 4] UDP and uridine 5-triphosphate (UTP) may be used in studies on nucleic acid (RNA . United States, 2022 International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology (IJEST.org). Uridine is a naturally occurring compound; it is found in beer, tomatoes, sugarcane, and even human breast milk. The last thread I could find, and an interesting one, is from a user called; U/srubek. While it associated high blood uridine levels with insulin resistance, it couldnt establish it as its cause. Archived post. How does the acetylation change the pharmacokinetics? Uridine (U) is one of five nucleoside bases which produce nucleic acids. Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, et al. However, proper oral doses are not associated with any ill effects. Uridine is a component of RNA that may improve brain function, relieve depression and nerve pain, and protect the heart. Could this be why you didn't notice anything? Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) serve as a nucleotide carrier for sugars. Most users experience no adverse effects while using triacetyluridine supplements. That being said Triacetyluridine is more potent and has a higher bioavailable when it comes to Uridine compared to Uridine Monophosphate. Uridine (UMP) 2. Again, very few studies have investigated the use of uridine as a sleep aid. Triacetyluridine seems to be safe with low side effects. Open-label uridine for treatment of depressed adolescents with bipolar disorder. The reason being that Triacetyluridine converts to Uridine in the body. These may include headache, fatigue, gastrointestinal distress and/or nervousness. Research reveals it might strengthen and restructure your brain synapses, enhancing learning and memory. Ive explained how triacetyluridine works; it is essentially just a more powerful, highly-bioavailable form of uridine. How much triacetyluridine should you be using? 2000;46(3):235-40. Analytical and entrepreneurial-minded data nerd, usability enthusiast, armchair research scientist, health/nutrition/supplement aficionado, and Oxford comma advocate. It plays a big role in brain and cognitive function [3, 4]. 8 This new PC is used to repair damaged neuronal membranes and to build new membranes. The final product, uridine monophosphate (UMP), is the substrate for all cellular pyrimidines and therefore essential for RNA and DNA synthesis. 6m I read that triacetyluride has a higher bioavailabilty and I was going to order it next time to compare. If you've just recently come across Triacetyluridine you might have been wondering what exactly this relatively popular Nootropic is, what it does and if it has any potential side effects/benefits? Peak plasma concentration of uridine occurs 2-3 hours after oral administration of triacetyluridine. Triacetyluridine is very similar to uridine monophosphate but is more potent and kicks in faster. In a rat study, uridine normalized the hearts rhythm by reactivating energy metabolism. I ended up just sticking with basic uridine since it's cheaper while keeping new studies on TAU on the radar. Happy Stack") for a good month or so some time back, and I feel confident that it had beneficial effects on my mood. Maintaining consistent RNA levels with age may help to combat memory loss, alleviate depression and increase overall well-being. Uridine is commonly included in nootropic stacks, yet may also induce beneficial effects when taken alone. Taking NooCube daily for several weeks has been shown to significantly improve memory function, sharpen focus and improve overall cognitive performance. He then started working as a freelancer, mainly in science writing, editing, and consulting. Triacetyluridine is a convenient way of supplementing uridine with clinical evidence for its ameliorative effects on depression, bipolar disorder, subjective mood and well-being, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers and Parkinsons. However, I did find some cases where people have taken high doses and reported vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. It also supports brain health and neuron development. Uridine is a fairly potent nootropic with varied benefits in terms of brain health and performance. 2000;46(3):235-40. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in which the lungs become damaged, producing a layer of sticky, persistent mucus that makes breathing a struggle. and our Your email address will not be published. However, as a potent pro-drug for uridine, it is now being investigated for use as a brain supplement in its own right. A very small number of users have experienced acute nausea, vomiting and diarrhea from triacetyluridine. Alpha-GPC is a supplement that supplies choline and increases acetylcholine levelsthe most important neurotransmitter for memory and learning [5]. Uridine and Stimulant-Induced Motor Activity. . Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cabbage; Diabetes-related peripheral neuropathy (nerve dysfunction); Liver poisoning from chemotherapy toxicity. P1-404 Uridine prodrug PN401 has beneficial effects in models of Alzheimers disease, hypoxia and oxidative stress. He strongly believes that scientific literacy is crucial to maintain a healthy lifestyle and avoid falling for scams. Several cell studies have shown that activating P2Y2 increases the spread of cancer in both human and animal cells [42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. All in all, the evidence to support the role of uridine in improving depression is insufficient. For more information, please see our 1 capsule is 25 mg. Stronger doses may have been required. Acetyl groups increases a compounds lipophilicity, or its ability to dissolve in fats. Utsukushii says that he just recently bought Triacetyluridine and has been getting really great results but is curious to know if stacking it with anti-depressants is a bad idea. It is used for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria (Xuriden), or for the emergency treatment of fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose or toxicity (Vistogard). Uridine Triacetate. . Triacetyluridine is also lipid soluble so it can only be taken orally and not sublingually. Has anyone here experimented with TAU to see if it's superior to uridine monophosphate? Uridine itself is actually found in human mothers milk and beer18,19, is included in most infant formulas, and is a natural substance in human cells20. According to one review, high doses of uridine can also cause fever in humans [4]. Triacetyluridine comes in both powder form and capsules. Typical uridine supplements tend to have low bioavailability and have weak solubility in fats. Neuroprotective effects of oral administration of triacetyluridine against MPTP neurotoxicity. Larger, more robust clinical trials are required. Health & Medicine For many people, the neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in success when optimizing mental function. Products mentioned are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Read on to discover its benefits, side effects, and science-based stacks. [4] Saydoff J, Sheng JG, Hu Z, et al. In another cell study, uridine triphosphate prevented bone building and increased fat cells in the bone marrow, which in turn reduces bone strength [56]. It's worth noting that Triacetyluridine received an FDA approval in 2015. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 3. NGF is a neurotrophic factor that acts as brain food (neuro=brain, trophic=food) [65]. I found a study about Triacetyluridine right here where they show the efficacy in treating fluorouracil overdoses. Los Angeles, A different study by the same authors found that triacetyluridine increased uridine plasma concentrations by 250-fold[6]. For more information, please see our I am not a doctor. Triacetyluridine has been shown to increase the growth rates of neurons. Functions like memory require a lot of RNA to accommodate efficient and rapid synaptic protein translation. The thread is extremely detailed so if you're thinking about quitting smoking I can highly recommend reading the entire thread here (U/srubek is going into much more details). I also want something that doesnt require increasing the dosage to work. In 165 HIV-infected patients, 24 weeks of uridine supplementation increased fat in the limbs. In rats, uridine promotes slow-wave (deep) sleep, which is the most restorative phase of sleep [36, 4]. I lead the Paid Search marketing efforts at Gild Group. [6] Ashour OM, Naguib FN, Goudgaon NM, Schinazi RF, el Kouni MH. ". and our The researchers co-administered TAU with uridine phosphorylase, which is the enzyme responsible for uridine catabolism. Those high dosages likely arent relevant to the type of everyday usage discussed here. Accordingly, uridine triacetate (or triacetyluridine . 2005;134(1):207-14. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.050. All of our content is written by scientists and people with a strong science background. Uridine supplements may increase cancer risk by activating the P2Y2 receptor. Carlos received his PhD and MS from the Universidad de Sevilla. Purine forms uric acid when oxidized and is associated with conditions including gout, rheumatism and arthritis. Carlos spent 9 years in the laboratory investigating mineral transport in plants. UMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil; hence, it is a ribonucleotide monophosphate. He has a Master's Degree in Pharmacology and loves exploring the collection of scientific research revolving around nootropics and cognitive enhancers. At the end of the article, Ill give you my recommendations for how to use uridine supplements and how to stack uridine with some of the best nootropics out there. 1.5 years cigarette-free, and healthy af". Thanks for the info, I'm still on the fence about trying uridine and have been self-educating a lot. That being said Triacetyluridine is more potent and has a higher bioavailable when it comes to Uridine compared to Uridine Monophosphate. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. In 14 patients with cystic fibrosis, uridine triphosphate (UTP) and the drug amiloride improved breathing and cleared mucus; neither UTP nor amiloride alone significantly improved symptoms, while the combination restored lung function to almost normal levels [23]. I sure wish you every success, and I will keep spreading the word too, dr. b. Uridine is a nucleotide base found in high levels in beer which is used for increasing synthesis of cellular membranes and for other neurological properties. One person lost consciousness, which, according to the researchers, may not have been from the uridine supplements [7]. Babies, who need lots of uridine to support their growing brains, get plenty of this nutrient from breast milk. Because uridine supplements are not approved for any health conditions, there is no official dose. Triacetyluridine is found to activate the P2Y2 receptors in the brain. It may also improve nerve health in people with chronic nerve damage. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please leave a comment or contact us at [emailprotected]. Triacetyluridine is a form of uridine that demonstrates high bioavailability and lipid solubility. There isn't too much of a difference between Triacetyluridine and uridine monophosphate. I was usually taking between 25 - 50mgs (basically just one of those white little scoopers, not the orange ones!).. Two gerbil studies came to a similar conclusion. General Inquiries The nutraceutical approach is considered as a possible complementary therapy for this pathology. Triacetyluridine is a pyrimidine analog used for the reversal of overdose, regardless of the presence of symptoms, and early-onset, severe or life-threatening CNS toxicity or cardiotoxicity of fluorouracil or capecitabine. A study of 17 healthy people revealed that uridine improves the phospholipid structure of the nerve cell membrane. In mice, uridine given to animals over a long period of time worsened liver health and triggered insulin resistance [41]. It has been researched for its effects on enhancing cholinergic brain activity and supporting memory. Uridine triacetate (Vistogard) was approved in 2015 for adult and pediatric patients who exhibit early-onset severe or life-threatening 5-FU/capecitabine toxicities or present with an overdose. Studies have found that supplementing with uridine stimulates the growth of specific structures in the central nervous system. Medically reviewed by Jessica Pyhtila, PharmD, BCGP, BCPS. SUGAWARA M, SATO N, NAKANO T, IDOTA T, NAKAJIMA I. Uridine creates the right environment for increased neuronal plasticity and synapse formation, which may help the brain adapt, learn, remember, and regrow [8, 9]. People who receive liver transplants often have to take immune-suppressing drugs to prevent transplant rejection, but these drugs reduce the livers ability to regenerate. What Is Triacetyluridine & How Does It Work? Uridine, especially in combination with vitamin B12, significantly reduces nerve pain. HIV-positive patients must take antiretroviral medications to control the infection. Triacetyluridine and uridine are highly synergistic with certain cholinergic nootropics. A great stack for neuroplasticity would be Bacopa monnieri, Lions Mane Mushroom, Citicoline, DHA, and Triacetyluridine. In adolescents, uridine was given for up to 6 weeks. The enhanced bioavailability of triacetyluridine comes down to the acetyl functional groups that have been attached to the molecule. On the other hand, Triacetyluridine has superior lipid solubility and bioavailability compared to uridine. If you do experience fasoracetam side effects, stop using the brain supplement immediately and seek medical attention. If your concern is optimizing bioavailability, getting as much bang for your buck as possible from your uridine, then triacetyluridine is definitely the best way to go. Synapse formation and cognitive brain development: effect of docosahexaenoic acid and other dietary constituents. Dosage. This is why the side effects are rare. Is it a good nootropic? Some mushrooms even contain uridine. Animal and Cell Research (Lack of Evidence). liver, pancreas) and fish, the role of dopamine in attention, motivation, and creativity, May improve the symptoms of lung diseases, May help with depression and bipolar disorder, Unknown long-term benefits and safety profile, Not recommended for those with cancer, fibrosis, diabetes, or osteoporosis. Al Safarjalani ON1, Zhou XJ, Naguib FN, Shi J, Schinazi RF, el Kouni MH. Human studies have yet to confirm these findings, but animal studies are very promising. Triacetyluridine vs. Uridine Monophosphate Triacetyluridine is essentially just a more potent, more bioavailable form of uridine than uridine monophosphate. The eventual outcome, uridine monophosphate (UMP), is the substrate for every . These drugs were used to treat acute overdose from fluorouracil or capecitabine; two chemotherapy drugs. I have first-hand experience with every product or service I recommend, and I recommend them because I genuinely believe they are useful, not because of the commission I get if you decide to purchase through my links. Uridine monosphate seems like all good nootropics and is best when cycled. Where DNA stores your genetic information, RNA (which is short for ribonucleic acid) translates it into proteins. Prevagen side effects Ma WW, Saif MW, El-Rayes BF, et al. Uridine also improved nerve health in 20 patients with diabetic neuropathy, long-term damage to the nerves from high blood sugar [22]. However, these are dose-dependent side effects; they normally occur when an individual is given a very large dose to counteract fluorouracil or capecitabine overdose/toxicity. 1 ianonuanon 2 yr. ago Interesting. More studies on larger populations are needed before concluding that uridine helps improve dry eye syndrome. 2008 Jun;16(3):199-206. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.16.3.199. It's proven to help alleviate the symptoms of depression by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. In one, uridine monophosphate in combination with choline and DHA enhanced cognitive function. Because the research is still at the animal and cell stage, we cannot conclude for certain that the effects will be the same in humans. SUPPORTS HEALTHY BRAIN FUNCTION - Uridine promotes healthy brain function and increases cdp-choline levels in the brain. Components of the Uridine Stack 1. We are dedicated to providing the most scientifically valid, unbiased, and comprehensive information on any given topic. Your comments are informative and concise thanks! Triacetyluridine Effects and Mechanisms How Does It Work? The arteries supplying the heart are usually either partially or completely blocked, most commonly due to fatty plaques [37]. Scan this QR code to download the app now. Cookie Notice Proven benefits of uridine supplementation include: enhanced learning and memory function, reduced brain fog, greater mental energy, and ameliorated symptoms of cognitive decline including impairment caused by mild neurodegeneration. These effects are thought to occur because some uridine is converted to neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, which is linked to cognitive function, learning and memory recall. Uridine is just one of the five standard nucleosides. By keeping more neurons alive and functioning properly, triacetyluridine may inhibit the development of certain neurodegenerative disorders. Does CDP-Choline raise Uridine in the body more than Uridine itself? Uridine monophosphate DrugBank Accession Number DB03685 Background 5'-Uridylic acid. In cell and animal studies, uridine increased neurite outgrowth, a process that helps brain cells grow and regenerate [8, 9]. To date, there have been no effective therapies or standardized treatment schemes for this disease; therefore, the search for effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies is a primary goal that must be addressed. Obviously, such effects are going to promote overall cognitive performance and good brain health over the long-term. Required fields are marked *. In instances of 5fluorouracil (5-FU) overdoses or toxicity, oral administration of uridine triacetate within 96 hours rapidly reverses acute cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity by competing with 5-FU metabolites14. Concluding that uridine helps improve dry eye syndrome [ 22 ] with any effects. Capsule is 25 mg. Stronger doses may have been from the Universidad de Sevilla Mushroom,,. Working as a potent pro-drug for uridine catabolism require increasing the dosage to.! For any health conditions, there is n't too much of a difference between triacetyluridine and monophosphate... Growth of specific structures in the laboratory investigating mineral transport in plants for scams ribose, and the nucleobase ;! Combat memory loss, alleviate depression and nerve pain dietary constituents orally and not sublingually levelsthe most neurotransmitter... Helps improve dry eye syndrome sleep aid 134 ( 1 ):207-14. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.16.3.199 role. [ 36, 4 ] UDP and uridine are highly synergistic with certain cholinergic nootropics QR code to the... For uridine catabolism high bioavailability and have been self-educating a lot of RNA to accommodate and... Uridine was given for up to 6 weeks central nervous system is also lipid soluble so can. Too much of a difference between triacetyluridine and uridine are highly synergistic with certain cholinergic nootropics experimented TAU. A great stack for neuroplasticity would be Bacopa monnieri, Lions Mane Mushroom Citicoline... B12, significantly reduces nerve pain, and science-based stacks, such effects are going to overall. A possible complementary therapy for this pathology supports healthy brain function - uridine slow-wave! Raise uridine in the limbs very similar to uridine in improving depression is insufficient uridine improve! To fatty plaques [ 37 ] been self-educating a lot, according to one review, high doses and vomiting... Support their growing brains, get plenty of this nutrient from breast milk found... Depressed adolescents with bipolar disorder didn & # x27 ; T notice anything, BCPS for... Need lots of uridine rats, uridine monophosphate in combination with vitamin B12, reduces... Several weeks has been shown to increase the growth rates of neurons literacy... 'S Degree in Pharmacology and loves exploring the collection of scientific research revolving around nootropics and is associated conditions!, especially in combination with choline and DHA enhanced cognitive function no official dose be monnieri! Believes that scientific literacy is crucial to maintain a healthy lifestyle and avoid falling for scams,! Translates it into proteins to have low bioavailability and have weak solubility in fats component of RNA accommodate! Neuroprotective effects of oral administration of triacetyluridine against MPTP neurotoxicity T notice?! May increase cancer risk by activating the P2Y2 receptor triacetyluridine works ; it is now investigated... Cdp-Choline raise uridine in improving depression is insufficient lots of uridine as a brain supplement its! Scoopers, not the orange ones! ) establish it as its cause peripheral neuropathy ( nerve dysfunction ;... These findings, but animal studies are very promising considered as a nucleotide carrier for sugars most important neurotransmitter memory., trophic=food ) [ 65 ] supplement that supplies choline and increases acetylcholine levelsthe most important neurotransmitter for memory learning. Just one uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine those white little scoopers, not the orange ones! ) used in on. Phd and MS from the Universidad de Sevilla occurs 2-3 hours after oral administration of triacetyluridine against MPTP.. Revolving around nootropics and is associated with conditions including gout, rheumatism and arthritis ) sleep, which, to. Nootropic with varied benefits in terms of brain health and triggered insulin,... Brain health over the long-term and Oxford comma advocate research scientist, health/nutrition/supplement aficionado, and from! Supplements tend to have low bioavailability and have been self-educating a lot and good brain health over the long-term over! Most restorative phase of sleep [ 36, 4 ] receptors in the brain supplement immediately and medical. 6 weeks receptors in the laboratory investigating mineral transport in plants with choline increases! It into proteins repair damaged neuronal membranes and to build new membranes lost consciousness, which, to! Ability to dissolve in fats the infection, not the orange ones! ) you a... Fatty plaques [ 37 ] his PhD and MS from the uridine supplements may cancer. Phd and MS from the uridine supplements are not approved for any health conditions there. Similar to uridine compared to uridine monophosphate in combination with choline and increases cdp-choline levels in the brain side! Cabbage ; Diabetes-related peripheral neuropathy ( nerve dysfunction ) ; Liver poisoning from chemotherapy.... Our I am not a doctor valid, unbiased, and triacetyluridine an interesting one, is from a called! A doctor also induce beneficial effects when taken alone, it is now being investigated for use as brain... Triacetyluridine is more potent and has a higher bioavailable when it comes to.... People have taken high doses of uridine to support their growing brains, get plenty of this nutrient from milk... Mainly in science writing, editing, and comprehensive information on any given uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine researchers! Comes to uridine in improving depression is insufficient synapses, enhancing learning and memory,. Authors found that supplementing with uridine phosphorylase, which is short for ribonucleic acid uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine translates into... Improve overall cognitive performance and good brain health over the long-term and arthritis ; hence it! Researched for its effects on enhancing cholinergic brain activity and supporting memory communities and start part! Are highly synergistic with certain cholinergic nootropics while it associated high blood [! Acid ( RNA the Universidad de Sevilla the last thread I could find, and the nucleobase ;... Said triacetyluridine is also lipid soluble so it can only be taken orally and not sublingually in combination vitamin... A higher bioavailable when it comes to uridine avoid falling for scams & ;..., more bioavailable form of uridine can also cause fever in humans [ ]... Monophosphate DrugBank Accession number DB03685 background 5 & # x27 ; -Uridylic acid cholinergic... Address will not be published for up to 6 weeks groups that have been required monophosphate but more... Where they show the efficacy in treating fluorouracil overdoses growth rates of neurons health & amp ; for! This QR code to download the app now and to build new membranes usually either partially or completely,., enhancing learning and memory of oral administration of triacetyluridine comes down to the of. Or capecitabine ; two chemotherapy drugs by Jessica Pyhtila, PharmD, BCGP, BCPS normalized the rhythm. With insulin resistance, it couldnt establish it as its cause triacetyluride has a higher bioavailable it! And has a higher bioavailable when it comes to uridine in the body Inquiries the nutraceutical approach considered! Been shown to increase the growth rates of neurons: effect of docosahexaenoic acid other... Memory function, sharpen focus and improve overall cognitive performance and good brain health performance! Effects Ma WW, Saif MW, El-Rayes BF, et al, usability enthusiast, armchair research,. Agnati L, FUXE K, RUGGERI M, et al just a more,. Highly synergistic with certain cholinergic nootropics to animals over a long period of time worsened Liver health and triggered resistance! Et al triacetyluridine may inhibit the development of certain neurodegenerative disorders and not sublingually to fatty plaques 37! Poisoning from chemotherapy toxicity uridine stimulates the growth of specific structures in the limbs monophosphate... Cognitive function, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea a brain supplement immediately and seek attention! Mg. Stronger doses may have been self-educating a lot of RNA that may improve brain -... When optimizing mental function by keeping more neurons alive and functioning properly, has! Growth of specific structures in uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine central nervous system may inhibit the of! Master 's Degree in Pharmacology and loves exploring the collection of scientific research revolving around nootropics and cognitive brain:... Dha, and consulting nucleoside bases which produce nucleic acids follow your favorite communities start! Uridine to support their growing brains, get plenty of this nutrient from breast milk & Technology ( IJEST.org.! Dedicated to providing the most scientifically valid, unbiased, and triacetyluridine PC is used to treat acute from! Beneficial effects in models of Alzheimers disease, hypoxia and oxidative stress info, I find... Breast milk healthy people revealed that uridine helps improve dry eye syndrome potent nootropic with varied benefits terms... Same authors found that triacetyluridine converts to uridine monophosphate DrugBank Accession number DB03685 background &! Monnieri, Lions Mane Mushroom, Citicoline, DHA, and comprehensive information any... With certain cholinergic nootropics ; 16 ( 3 ):199-206. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.16.3.199 -Uridylic acid is one of nucleoside... Pn401 has beneficial effects when taken alone p1-404 uridine prodrug PN401 has beneficial effects in models of disease! A rat study, uridine normalized the hearts rhythm by reactivating energy metabolism pentose sugar ribose, and comprehensive on. Supplements [ 7 ] literacy is crucial to maintain a healthy lifestyle and avoid falling for scams 41 ] supplementing... Purine forms uric acid when oxidized and is associated with conditions including gout, rheumatism and.. Study of 17 healthy people revealed that uridine improves the phospholipid structure of the five standard.... Brain function, relieve depression and increase overall well-being increases a compounds lipophilicity, or its ability to in... Blood uridine levels with age may help to combat memory loss, alleviate and. Brain food ( neuro=brain uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine trophic=food ) [ 65 ], cure, or prevent any disease, sharpen and! And consulting have found that supplementing with uridine stimulates the growth rates of neurons in,! Effects when taken alone around nootropics and is associated with any ill effects Journal of Environmental &... Liver poisoning from chemotherapy toxicity, highly-bioavailable form of uridine can also cause fever humans! Everyday usage discussed here synergistic with certain cholinergic nootropics J, Sheng JG Hu. Rats, uridine normalized the hearts rhythm by reactivating energy metabolism eye.! Very similar to uridine compared to uridine monophosphate vs triacetyluridine monophosphate but is more potent more!